Curriculum Block

Objectives

• Outline the initial management of a patient with mechanical small bowel obstruction, including laboratory tests and x-rays.
• Discuss the causes and mechanisms of chronic rhinitis/rhinorrhea. Outline the evaluation and management of chronic rhinitis.
• Outline the evaluation of a patient presenting with hearing loss; differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Identify treatable causes.
• Discuss the importance of such breast imaging studies as ultrasound and mammography.
• Outline the diagnosis and management of colonic volvulus, diverticular stricture, fecal impaction and obstructing colon cancer.
• List the diagnostic methods utilized in the evaluation of potential large bowel obstruction, including contraindications and cost effectiveness.
• Describe the clinical presentation and etiologies of large bowel obstruction.
• Discuss the potential etiologies of constipation in adults and children. Consider chronic vs. acute.
• Outline the risk factors, presentation, diagnosis and management of ischemic colitis.
• Discuss the clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnosis and management of pseudomembranous colitis.
• Contrast the pathology, anatomic location and pattern, cancer risk and diagnostic evaluation of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
• Describe the presentation and potential complications of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
• Discuss the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in adults. Consider chronicity, absence or presence of blood and associated pain. Consider infectious causes.
• Differentiate the signs, symptoms and radiographic patterns of paralytic ileus and small bowel obstruction.
• Contrast the presentation and management of partial vs. complete small bowel obstruction.
• Gastric outlet Obstruction
• Discuss the potential complications and management of small bowel obstruction.
• Describe the common etiologies of mechanical small bowel obstruction.
• Describe the signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction.
• Discuss the diagnosis and management of obstructive ulcer disease.
• Describe the clinical presentation and etiologies of gastric outlet obstruction.
• Discuss in general, the differential diagnosis for a patient with emesis. Consider timing and character of the emesis and associated abdominal pain. Contrast etiologies in infants, children and adults.
• Discuss the differences in evaluation and management of the patient presenting with: hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, guaiac positive stool.
• Discuss diagnostic studies (stomach).
• Discuss history and physical exam abnormalities (stomach).
• Differentiate upper vs. lower GI hemorrhage.
• Discuss indications for transfusion, fluid replacement, and choice of fluids.
• Outline the initial management of a patient with an acute GI hemorrhage.
• Upper and Lower GI hemorrage
• Carcinoma
• Describe the causes of hepatomegaly.
• Discuss the most frequently encountered benign hepatic tumors and their management.
• Discuss the most frequently encountered malignant hepatic tumors and their management.
• Describe the causes of splenomegaly.
• Discuss the most common signs and symptoms associated with hypersplenism.
• Discuss the short and long term complications associated with surgical removal of the spleen.
• Describe the differential diagnosis of a pancreatic mass.
• How do you differentiate a pancreatic pseudocyst from a cystadenoma or true cyst?
• Which patients with a pancreatic cyst need surgery and when?
• Know the major complications of pancreatic necrosis and pseudocyst formation?
• Characterization of abdominal pain (location, severity, character, pattern).
• Temporal sequence of abdominal pain (onset, frequency, duration, progression).
• Alleviating and exacerbating factors of abdominal pain (position, food, activity, medications).
• Associated signs and symptoms of abdominal pain (nausea vomiting, fever, chills, anorexia, wt. loss, cough, dysphagia, dysuria/frequency, altered bowel function diarrhea, constipation, obstipation, hematochezia, melena, etc.).
• Pertinent medical history: prior surgery or illness, associated conditions (pregnancy, menstrual cycle, diabetes, atrial fibrillation or cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression). Medications: anticoagulation, steroids etc. (for abdominal pain).
• Relate the significance of the various component examinations: observation, auscultation, percussion, palpation as they apply to common abdominal pathologic processes. Examples: distention, visible peristalsis, high pitched or absent bowel sounds, tympany, mass, localized vs. generalized guarding and/or rebound tenderness.
• Demonstrate and relate the significance of various maneuvers utilized in evaluating acute abdominal pain. Examples: iliopsoas sign, Rovsing's sign, obturator sign, Murphy's sign, cough tenderness, heel tap, cervical motion tenderness.
• Develop a differential diagnosis for various patients presenting with acute abdominal pain. Differentiate based on: Location (RUQ, epigastric, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ, Flank) and Symptom complex (examples: periumbilical pain localizing to RLQ, acute onset left flank pain with radiation to the testicle etc).
• Explain the rationale for utilizing various diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of abdominal pain: Laboratory: CBC, amylase, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, glucose, urinalysis, beta-HCG, liver profile.
• Explain the rationale for utilizing various diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of abdominal pain: Diagnostic imaging: Flat and upright abdominal radiographs, upright chest X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan abdomen and pelvis, GI contrast radiography, angiography.
• Explain the rationale for utilizing various diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of abdominal pain: Special diagnostic/Interventional techniques: upper endoscopy, procto-sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy.
• Discuss the differential diagnosis of inguinal pain, mass or bulge. consider hernia, adenopathy, muscular strain.
• Describe the anatomic differences between indirect and direct hernias.
• Discuss the relative frequency of indirect, direct and femoral hernias by age and gender.
• Discuss the clinical conditions that may predispose to development of inguinal hernia.
• Describe the potential sites for abdominal wall hernias. Consider incisional, umbilical, inguinal, femoral, Spigelian, and epigastric. Differentiate diastasis recti from abdominal hernia.
• Describe the physiology of intracerebral pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), including the effects of blood pressure, ventilatory status, and fluid balance on ICP and CPP.
• Recognize the Cushing reflex and its clinical importance (brain herniation).
• Describe the signs, etiology and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage).
• Describe the relative incidence and location of the most common brain tumors, their clinical manifestations, their diagnosis, and general treatment strategies.
• Differentiate TIA, RIND, and CVA.
• Describe the presentation and management of hydrocephalus. Compare and contrast adult and pediatric hydrocephalus.
• Students will understand the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage and epidural hematomas.
• Describe the commonly used local anesthetics.
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of epinephrine in the local anesthetic.
• Discuss special precautions needed on the digits.
• Discuss safe dosage ranges of the common anesthetics and the potential toxicities of these drugs.
• Describe the common benign skin lesions and their treatment (papillomas, skin tags, subcutaneous cysts, lipomas).
• Describe the characteristics, typical location, etiology and incidence of basal cell and squamous skin cancers.
• Discuss the relationship (of benign and malignant skin lesions) to solar irradiation, ethnicity, previous tissue injury, and immunosuppression.
• Discuss the characteristics of malignant skin lesions which distinguish them from benign lesions.
• Describe the characteristics, typical locations, etiology and incidence of malignant melanoma.
• Discuss the relationship of melanoma to benign nevi and characteristics which help differentiate them.
• Discuss risk factors for melanoma.
• What are the lesions which have high potential for malignant transformation?
• Discuss the various types of melanoma and prognosis for each type.
• Discuss the relationship of size and thickness to prognosis. (melanoma)
• Discuss the usual treatment for cutaneous melanoma including margins, depth and lymph node management including sentinel node mapping.
• Develop a differential diagnosis for a 20-year-old patient with breast mass and a 45- year-old patient with breast mass. Consider benign vs. malignant, abscess.
• Describe the diagnostic work-up and sequence: Discuss importance of the patient's history: estimated duration of illness, nipple discharge, breast cancer risk factor assessment. Discuss physical findings to look for.
• Discuss the diagnosis and management of the patient with an abnormal mammogram (consider microcalcifications).
• Discuss the rationale for management with specific emphasis on: Staging of breast CA; The role of incision and drainage and antibiotics in breast abscess treatment; Current recommendations for screening mammography.
• Describe the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.
• Discuss the risks of pneumothorax which could prove life-threatening.
• Discuss the underlying pulmonary pathology you might expect to find. (pneumothorax)
• Discuss the role of: Observation; Tube thoracostomy; Chemical sclerosis; Surgical management of this condition (pneumothorax).
• Describe the common etiologies for hemothorax.
• Discuss an appropriate diagnostic evaluation for a patient with hemothorax.
• Discuss the appropriate management of blood in the pleural cavity.
• Which patients (with hemothorax) need an operation?
• What are the risks in leaving the blood diagnostic in the chest?
• Discuss the most common non-traumatic causes of hemothorax.
• Describe the presentations, etiologies and management of pulmonary embolus.
• Discuss the predisposing factors which may lead to Pulmonary Embolus.
• Discuss the main points in the evaluation for pulmonary embolus.
• Discuss management options for pulmonary embolus: Who needs anticoagulation with heparin? Who needs lytic therapy? Who needs vena caval filter protection? Discuss the indication for open thoracotomy and pulmonary embolectomy to treat massive embolism.
• Discuss the differential diagnosis of ear pain (otalgia). Consider infection, trauma, neoplasm, inflammation, vascular contrast etiologies in children versus adults.
• Discuss the diagnosis, treatment and complications of acute and chronic otitis media. Include indications for myringotomy tube placement.
• Outline the evaluation of a patient presenting with tinnitus. Describe the potential etiologies and management.
• Describe the risk factors, diagnosis and management of epistaxis. Describe the indications and techniques for nasal packing.
• Describe the indications for tonsillectomy.
• Outline the evaluation of a patient with a salivary gland mass. Describe the potential etiologies. Describe the common tumors of the salivary gland and their management.
• List the normal range of Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl- in serum and indicate how these ranges change in perspiration, gastric juice, bile and ileostomy contents.
• List least six symptoms or physical findings of dehydration.
• List and describe the objective ways of measuring fluid balance.
• List the electrolyte composition of the following solutions: normal (0.9%) saline; half normal saline; one third normal saline; 5 percent dextrose in water; Ringer's lactate.
• In the following situations, indicate whether serum Na, K, HCO3, Cl and blood pH will remain stable (0), rise considerably (++), rise moderately (+), fall moderately (-), or fall considerably (--): excessive gastric losses; high volume pancreatic fistula; small intestine fistula; biliary fistula; diarrhea
• In the following situations, indicate whether serum and urine Na, K, HCO3, Cl and osmolality will remain stable (0), rise considerably (++), rise moderately (+), fall moderately (-), or fall considerably (--): acute tubular necrosis; dehydration; secretion (SIADH); diabetes insipidus; congestive heart failure
• Describe the possible causes, appropriate laboratory studies needed, and treatment of the following conditions: hypernatremia; hyponatremia; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; hypochloremia
• Describe the concept of a “third space” and list those conditions that can cause fluid sequestration of this type.
• List the physiological limits of normal blood gases.
• List the factors that effect oxygen delivery and consumption.
• Indicate the mechanisms, methods of compensation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the following acid base disorders: acute metabolic acidosis; acute respiratory acidosis; acute metabolic alkalosis; acute respiratory alkalosis.
• Describe the potential etiologies of hematuria.
• Consider age and character of bleeding (hematuria): initial, terminal, total.
• Consider microscopic vs. gross hematuria.
• Discuss the diagnostic modalities available for evaluation of hematuria.
• Consider CT, cystoscopy, IVP, ultrasound, cystourethrogram, and retrograde pyleography (hematuria).
• Describe the staging and management of renal cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.
• Discuss renal and ureteral calculi.
• Discuss the clinical presentation of renal and ureteral calculi.
• Discuss the etiologies and diagnostic evaluation of a patient with UTI.
• Outline the etiologies and work-up of a patient with pneumaturia.
• Outline the initial evaluation of patients presenting with urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency or urinary retention.
• Outline the initial management of a patient with an acute GI hemorrhage. Discuss indications for transfusion, fluid replacement, and choice of fluids.
• Differentiate upper vs. lower GI hemorrhage. Discuss history and physical exam abnormalities. Discuss diagnostic studies.
• Discuss the differences in evaluation and management of the patient presenting with: hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, guaiac positive stool.
• Discuss management for: peptic ulcer, variceal hemorrhage, Mallory-Weiss tear gastric ulcer (benign vs. malignant), Meckel's diverticulum , intussusceptions, diverticulosis , ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, rectal cancer, hemorrhoids, AV malformation.
• Gallstones.
• Cholecystitis
• Biliary Colic
• Choledocolithiasis
• Colangitis
• Pancreatitis
• Pancreatic Pseudocyst
• Carcinoma of the Pancreas
• Hepatomegaly/Splenomegaly
• Describe the differential diagnosis of a patient with jaundice.
• Discuss, prehepatic, intrahepatic (both non-obstructive) and posthepatic (obstructive) etiologies (for jaundice).
• Discuss importance of the patient's history: estimated duration of illness, associated symptoms (pain and its characteristics), and risk factors.
• Discuss important physical exam findings: hepatomegaly; palpable mass; Courvoisier's sign; Murphy's sign; scleral icterus; abdominal tenderness; lymphadenopathy; Charcot's triad; Reynold's pentad.
• Explain the rationale for using these diagnostic tests in the evaluation of a patient with jaundice: Liver function tests, including hepatitis profile, peripheral blood smear, Coombs tests, etc. Hepatobiliary imaging procedures (ultrasound, CT scan, ERCP, PTHC, HIDA).
• Describe atherosclerosis, its etiology, prevention and sites of predilection.
• Discuss neurological vs. vascular etiologies of walking induced leg pain.
• Discuss musculoskeletal etiologies (of leg pain).
• Describe the pathophysiology of intermittent claudication.
• Discuss the diagnostic work-up of chronic arterial occlusive disease.
• Discuss risk factors associated with arterial occlusive disease.
• Describe the etiologies and presentation of acute arterial occlusion.
• Discuss embolic vs. thrombotic occlusion.
• Discuss the signs and symptoms of acute arterial occlusion (the "P's").
• Discuss the medical and surgical management (of acute arterial occlusion).
• Discuss the complications associated with prolonged ischemia and revascularization.
• Describe the differential diagnosis, location, appearance and symptoms of leg ulcers due to: Arterial disease; Venous stasis disease; Neuropathy; Infection; Malignancy.
• Discuss how to differentiate lymphedema from venous stasis.
• Describe the factors that lead to venous thrombosis and embolism.
• Discuss the common invasive and noninvasive diagnostic tests for DVT.
• Discuss methods for DVT prophylaxis and identify high-risk patients.
• Create an algorithm for the evaluation of a patient with a lung nodule on chest x-ray.
• Discuss the common risk factors and clinical symptoms of lung cancer.
• List the most common sources of malignant metastases to the lungs.
• Compare and contrast the management and prognosis of metastatic vs. primary lung malignancies.
• Describe the most common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate pulmonary and mediastinal lesions.
• List the common tumors of the anterior, posterior and superior mediastinum.
• Discuss the embryologic origin of these lesions (neck mass) and the anatomic implications to consider when resecting them.
• Describe the signs, symptoms & etiologies of inflammatory neck masses.
• Discuss Ludwig's angina and why it may be life-threatening.
• What is appropriate treatment for cervical adenitis?
• Describe the most common neoplastic neck masses and their origin.
• Discuss the role of fine-needle cytology, open biopsy, CT scan, MRI, thyroid scan, and nasopharyngeal endoscopy in the diagnostic work up of a neck mass.
• Discuss the evaluation and differential diagnosis of a patient with a thyroid nodule.
• Discuss the common thyroid malignancies, their cell of origin and their management. Which has the best prognosis? The worst?
• Which (common thyroid malignancies) are associated with MEN syndrome?
• Discuss the relationship of radiation exposure to thyroid malignancy.
• Which malignancies frequently metastasize to the neck?
• Discuss the common non-neoplastic thyroid diseases that could present as a mass.
• Discuss the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism and discuss treatment options.
• Discuss diagnosis and management of thyroiditis.
• Define "non-healing" wounds.
• Discuss a differential diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of a patient with: non-healing lower extremity wound; non-healing wound of the torso; body area other than the lower extremity.
• Describe the pathophysiology involved for each of the diagnostic possibilities (for non-healing wounds). Consider: pressure; ischemia; infection; malignancy; foreign body.
• Discuss wound infection, seroma, hematoma, wound dehisance.
• Red eye: Traumatic; Infectious; Inflammatory; Chronic
• Common retinal problems
• Cataracts
• Pterygium
• Chalazion
• Hernias/Hydroceles
• Neck Masses
• Bowel obstruction: Adhesions, hernias, intussusception, Meckel's diverticulum, Volvulus, Hirschprung's disease.
• Develop a differential diagnosis for a patient with perianal pain. (Be sure to include benign, malignant and inflammatory causes.)
• Discuss the characteristic history findings for each of the above (perianal pain) including: character and duration of complaint, presence or absence of associated bleeding, relationship of complaint to defecation.
• Describe physical exam findings for each diagnosis of perianal pain. Indicate in which part of exam (external, digital, anoscopic or proctoscopic) these findings are identified.
• Discuss treatment plan for each diagnosis listed in objective one (for perianal pain), including non-operative interventions and role and timing of surgical interventions.
• Describe the differential diagnosis of a patient having postoperative fever. For each entity, discuss the clinical manifestations, appropriate diagnostic work-up, and management: Within 24 hours: response to surgical trauma; atelectasis; necrotizing wound infections. Between 24 and 72 hours: pulmonary disorders (atelectasis, pneumonia); catheter related complications (IV-phlebitis, Foley-UTI). After 72 hours: infectious (UTI, pneumonia, wound infection, deep abscess, anastomotic leak, prosthetic infection, parotitis); noninfectious (deep vein thrombosis).
• Discuss the following wound complications in terms of predisposing risk factors (patient condition, type of operation, technique), as well as their recognition, treatment, and prevention: hematoma and seroma; wound infection; dehiscence; incisional hernia.
• Discuss the various causes of respiratory distress and respiratory insufficiency that may occur in the postoperative patient. For each complication, describe the etiology, clinical presentation, management, and methods of prevention: atelectasis; pneumonia; aspiration; pulmonary edema; pulmonary embolism (including deep venous thrombosis); fat embolism.
• Discuss the diagnostic work-up and treatment of oliguria in the postoperative period. Include pre-renal, renal, and post-renal causes (including urinary retention).
• Discuss the possible causes of hypotension which may occur in the postoperative period. For each etiology describe its pathophysiology and treatment: hypovolemia; sepsis; cardiogenic shock - including postoperative myocardial infarction; fluid overload; arrhythmias; pericardial tamponade; medication effects
• Describe the management of postoperative chest pain.
• Describe factors which can lead to abnormal bleeding postoperatively, and discuss its prevention and management: Surgical site - inherited and acquired factor deficiencies; DIC; transfusion reactions; operative technique; gastroduodenal (i.e. stress ulcerations)
• Discuss disorders of alimentary tract function following laparotomy which may produce nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal distension: paralytic ileus; acute gastric dilatation; intestinal obstruction; fecal impaction
• Describe the factors which can give rise to alterations in cognitive function postoperatively, as well as their evaluation and treatment. Alterations in cognitive function: hypoxia; metabolic; alcohol withdrawal; hyponatremia
• Describe the most frequently encountered retroperitoneal masses.
• Discuss the appropriate imaging studies and work up for retroperitoneal masses.
• Describe the evaluation and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
• Discuss appropriate imaging studies for aneurysms.
• Discuss how to determine which patients need surgical repair of the aneurysm.
• Discuss the risks of surgical treatment and the risks of the aneurysm left untreated.
• Discuss the following: Testicular tumor; Testicular torsion; Epididymitis; Torsion of the appendix testis; Orchitis; Trauma; Hydrocele; Varicocele
• Discuss emergent vs. non emergent causes of (scrotal pain and swelling).
• Discuss presentation and physical findings of each (loss of cremasteric reflex, high or transverse lie, blue dot sign etc.)
• Laboratory investigations of scrotal swelling and pain: normal urinalysis, normal or minimally elevated white blood cell count.
• Discuss role of scrotal ultrasound / transillumination.
• Define shock.
• Differentiate the signs, symptoms, and hemodynamic features of shock: hemorrhagic; cardiogenic; septic; neurogenic; anaphylactic.
• Discuss priorities and specific goals of resuscitation for each form of shock: define goals of resuscitation; defend choice of fluids; discuss indications for transfusion; discuss management of acute coagulopathy; discuss indications for invasive monitoring; discuss use of inotropes; afterload reduction in management
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease/Ulcerative Colitis)
• Appendicitis
• Diverticulitis
• Enterocolitis
• Small Bowel Obstruction Partial/Complete
• Large Bowel Obstruction
• Carcinoma Bowel
• Volvulus
• Fecal Impaction
• Describe the priorities and sequence of a trauma patient evaluation (ABC's).
• Describe the four classes of hemorrhagic shock and how to recognize them.
• Describe the appropriate fluid resuscitation of a trauma victim.
• Discuss choice of IV access (of a trauma patient).
• Discuss the choice of fluid and use of blood components (for a trauma patient).
• Discuss the differences between adult and pediatric resuscitation.
• Discuss the types, etiology and prevention of coagulopathies typically found in patients with massive hemorrhage.
• Describe the appropriate triage of a patient in a trauma system.
• Describe the diagnostic evaluation, differences between blunt and penetrating mechanisms of injury and the initial management of: Spine injury; Thoracic injury; Abdominal injury; Urinary injury.
• Describe the early management of a major burn.
• Discuss estimation of total body surface burn and burn depth.
• Discuss fluid resuscitation, choice of fluid and monitoring for adequacy of resuscitation (rule of 9's, differences in pediatric and adult management).
• Discuss options for topical antimicrobial therapy.
• Discuss inhalation injury, CO poisoning and triage of patients to burn centers.
• Discuss the basic principles of wound coverage, skin grafting, and timing.
• Discuss the assessment and need for escharotomy.
• Describe the common presenting symptoms associated with gastro-esophageal reflux.
• Discuss the relationship of reflux to chronic asthma and aspiration.
• Discuss the appropriate diagnostic work-up of a patient with suspect reflux. What is the role of: barium swallow; endoscopy; manometry; 24 hour pH testing.
• Discuss the evaluation of dysphagia.
• Discuss the treatment of esophageal stricture.
• What are the risks of dilation?
• Discuss Barrett’s esophagus and its implications. What are the risks of malignancy? Who needs surgical management?
• Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm. (Mallory-Weiss tear; Achalesia; Variceal Bleeding; Zenker’s Diverticulum; Perforation)
• Peptic Ulcer disease
• Perforation
• Gastritis

Tags

Medical Expert Clerkship Surgery Rotation Abdominal Distension Abdominal masses and pelvic masses Acid-Base Abnormalities Acute Abdominal Pain Anorectal Pain Blood in Urine/Hematuria Breast Masses and Enlargement Cerebrovascular Accident and Transient Ischemic Attack (Stroke) Chronic Abdominal Pain Dysuria, Urinary Frequency and Urgency, and/or Pyuria Ear Pain Eye Redness Head Trauma / Brain Death / Transplant Donations Hernia (Abdominal Wall and Groin) Hyperkalemia Hypernatremia Hypokalemia Hyponatremia Hypotension/Shock Jaundice Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Mediastinal Mass Neck Mass, Goiter, Thyroid Disease Scrotal Mass Scrotal Pain Skin and Integument Conditions Skin Wounds Tinnitus Trauma Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Urinary Tract Obstruction 2.2 Apply biomedical scientific principles fundamental to health care for patients and populations. 2.3 Apply principles of clinical sciences to diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making, clinical problem-solving, and other aspects of evidence-based healthcare 3.1 Solicit and respond to feedback from peers, teachers, supervisors, patients, families, and members of health care teams regarding one’s knowledge, skills, attitudes and professional behaviours Abdominal Pain [C23.888.646.100] Acid-Base Equilibrium [G02.300.176] Acidosis [C18.452.076.176] Acidosis, Respiratory [C18.452.076.176.310] Airway Management [E02.041] Alkalosis [C18.452.076.354] Alkalosis, Respiratory [C18.452.076.354.271] Aortic Aneurysm [C14.907.109.139] Blood Gas Analysis [E01.370.225.124.100.100] Body Fluids [A12.207] Breast Neoplasms [C04.588.180] Burns [C26.200] Earache [C23.888.646.386] Electrolytes [D01.248] Gallstones [C06.130.409.633] Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage [C23.550.414.788] Hematuria [C13.351.968.934.442] Hemothorax [C08.528.380] Hepatomegaly [C23.300.775.525] Hernia, Inguinal [C23.300.707.374.875] Homeostasis [G07.410] Hyperkalemia [C18.452.950.396] Hypernatremia [C18.452.950.452] Hyperthyroidism [C19.874.397] Hypokalemia [C18.452.950.565] Hyponatremia [C18.452.950.620] Jaundice [C23.888.885.375] Kidney Calculi [C13.351.968.967.249.500] Lung Neoplasms [C04.588.894.797.520] Melanoma [C04.557.465.625.650.510] Otitis Media [C09.218.705.663] Oxygen Consumption [G03.680] Pneumothorax [C08.528.778] Postoperative Complications [C23.550.767] Pulmonary Embolism [C08.381.746] Resuscitation [E02.365.647] Shock [C23.550.835] Skin Diseases [C17.800] Skin Neoplasms [C17.800.882] Splenomegaly [C23.300.775.750] Testicular Diseases [C12.294.829] Thyroid Diseases [C19.874] Thyroid Nodule [C04.588.322.894.800] Tinnitus [C09.218.458.670] Ureteral Calculi [C23.300.175.850.750] Urination Disorders [C13.351.968.934] Water-Electrolyte Balance [G02.111.917] Water-Electrolyte Imbalance [C18.452.950] Wound Healing [G16.100.856.891] Wounds and Injuries [C26]