Renal

• Explain the structure, function and physiology of the urinary tract, kidney, nephron and glomerulus
• Explain the concept of glomerular filtration rate and renal clearance of solutes, drugs and toxins.
• Explain the possible underlying mechanisms of edema, hypertension, oliguria and renal insufficiency and apply them to clinical presentations.
• Explain the primary mechanisms responsible for hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis and apply them to clinical presentations.
• Elicit the relevant history for renal disease
• Conduct a physical examination appropriate to the clinical problem presented
• Devise hypotheses regarding the mechanisms responsible for the patient's complaint.
• Choose and then analyze laboratory tests which would permit you to investigate systematically each of your hypotheses.
• Explain the mechanisms of action of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blocking (ARB) agents and apply them to appropriate clinical scenarios.
• Explain the nephrotoxic potential of certain drugs.
• Describe renal and bladder anatomy and visualize with an ultrasound.
• Describe normal renal pathology.