Primary Presentations

• Describe the potential etiologies of hematuria.
• Consider age and character of bleeding (hematuria): initial, terminal, total.
• Consider microscopic vs. gross hematuria.
• Discuss the diagnostic modalities available for evaluation of hematuria.
• Consider CT, cystoscopy, IVP, ultrasound, cystourethrogram, and retrograde pyleography (hematuria).
• Describe the staging and management of renal cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.
• Discuss renal and ureteral calculi.
• Discuss the clinical presentation of renal and ureteral calculi.
• Discuss the etiologies and diagnostic evaluation of a patient with UTI.
• Outline the etiologies and work-up of a patient with pneumaturia.
• Outline the initial evaluation of patients presenting with urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency or urinary retention.