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• Adverse Drug Reactions
• Upon completion of this problem, students should be able to describe the factors affecting red blood cell production.
• Upon completion of this problem, the students will be able to describe delirium and altered states of consciousness.
• Upon completion of this case, students will be able to explain the role of the pancreas and the small intestine in digestion and absorption. As well, they will be able to describe the basics of autosomal recessive inheritance and the use of molecular genetic testing for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
• Upon completion of this case, students will be able to explain calcium homeostasis. They will also review the basics of autosomal dominant inheritance and the use of molecular genetic testing for the diagnosis of MEN2A.
• By the end of the tutorial, the student should be able to describe the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy as well as discuss epidemiologic and management strategies.
• By the end of tutorial, the student will be able to recognize the significance of neonatal hypoglycemia and illustrate the principles surrounding newborn screening for metabolic disorders.
• Upon completion of this case, students should recognize that pharyngitis is a common community-acquired viral infection usually caused by viruses and passed among close contacts either by direct contact or via droplet transmission. They should identify how viruses cause infections in the human host and the immune response to such invasion.
• Upon completion of this case, students should be able to describe the factors that influence the drive to breathe in a healthy individual.
• After completing this case, students will be able to describe the physiology of the proglucagon gene: GLP-1 incretin effects, GLP-2 gut proliferation.
• ARCHIVED MF4 Host Defense, Neoplasia, Genetics
• Child and Youth Development
• After completing this problem, students will understand common presentations of eating disorders.
• This tutorial provides an opportunity: For students and tutors to recognize their roles in fostering effective tutorial group process. For students to be better able at recognizing elements of tutorial dysfunction. For students to gain an understanding of strategies to ensure tutorial runs in a way that will be conducive for their learning. For students to recognize the importance of evaluation and feedback to assess their learning.
• Explain the concept of pulmonary compliance and airflow obstruction as it affects the function of the respiratory pump.
• Review the branches of the innate immune system and its response to noxious stimuli (i.e. bacteria), especially as it pertains to the role of neutrophils and results in acute inflammation.
• Outline the structure and classification of viruses and describe and explain how they replicate within the host.
• Identify the main branches of the immune system responsible for viral immunity.
• Explain how upper respiratory tract viruses are transmitted.
• Illustrate an approach to patients presenting with a sore throat.
• Describe the structure, function and anatomy of lymph nodes, especially as it pertains to their role in immunity against infections.
• Understand the classification and mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions, including “drug allergies”.
• Outline the structure and function of antibodies and explain their role in hypersensitivity reactions.
• Explain the concept of vertical transmission and identify which infections are transmitted in this way.
• Discuss the effect of pregnancy on the immune system.
• Define the term “proteasome” and explain its role as a potential target for treatment of myeloma.
• Identify the nature of common pathogens in this form of immunosuppressed host.
• Describe common acute chemotherapy toxicities.
• Explain the role of growth factors in the management of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression.
• Describe an approach to treatment of hematological malignancy with special emphasis on the management of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in children.
• Describe the metastatic cascade.
• Explain the different ways to express a risk change due to treatment, including absolute risk reduction/increase, relative risk reduction/increase, number needed to treat/harm.
• Understand how treatment with an ACE inhibitor can lead to hyperkalemia.
• Understand how renal artery stenosis occurs in patients with atherosclerosis and how this changes treatment options compared to patients with fibromuscular dysplasia.
• Describe how NSAIDs interfere with renal hemodynamics and how this can lead to volume expansion and worsening hypertension, and occasionally even congestive heart failure (contrast this with Mrs. Week in MF1).
• Understand the natural history and mortality associated with acute kidney injury.
• Explain the structure and function of the kidney.
• Describe the risk factors for diabetic nephropathy.
• Understand the nature of the condition (diabetic nephropathy) and how it presents clinically.
• Recognize the impact (of diabetic nephropathy) on the health of the patient
• Detail the current concepts and evidence for strategies for prevention and management of renal damage due to diabetes mellitus.
• Restate the functioning of the hypothalamic, pituitary, gonadal axis (MF2).
• Restate the mechanism of steroidogenesis and explain the pathways regulation in the adrenal gland and gonads (particularly the testes).
• Identify other mechanisms that can impact normal embryologic sexual differentiation.
• Explain the sequence and timing of normal female and male pubertal development.
• Recognize how X-chromosome inactivation influences the expression of the genes carried on the X-chromosome.
• Explain the role of the X-chromosome in ovarian development and function.
• Explain factors that can influence the menstrual cycle.
• Understand methods and mechanisms of contraception.
• Understand the process of normal and abnormal implantation and placentation.
• Differentiate between gestational age and post-conception age.
• Outline the available prenatal diagnostic tools available to a woman.
• Compare and contrast the effect of warfarin and heparin on pregnancy to illustrate the effects of a teratogen on a developing embryo.
• Understand Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.
• Describe the structural anatomy of the ear and review the anatomy of the nose and throat.
• Review potential maternal complications with emphasis on hypertension and its complications.
• Understand resuscitative measures used in the preceding conditions (pre-eclampsia).
• Discuss the causes of neonatal hypoglycemia.
• Describe the different types of inborn errors of metabolism.
• Explain how inborn errors of metabolism cause disease.
• Discuss the physiology of normal lactation.
• Relate contraindications to breastfeeding.
• Define resources to support breastfeeding
• Compare and contrast chronic back pain with acute back pain that is common and has a good prognosis.
• What are the determinants of chronic pain?.
• Identify psychosocial factors in the development of chronic pain.
• Physiological sequelae of sustained stress.
• The relationship between stress and depression.
• Common symptoms of depression.
• Biological features of depression.
• Common comorbid illnesses seen in depression.
• Explain the concept of impairments in level of consciousness and the relationship to: arousal, attention, memory and concentration.
• Differentiate between: (i) acute and chronic; (ii) reversible and irreversible central nervous system conditions that can alter memory and orientation.
• Explain the concept of symptom constellations that have multiple potential causes.
• Understand the effects of starvation on the body and mind.
• Understand the medical complications from eating disorders.
• Identify particular concerns when treating adolescents with eating disorders (growth and development).
• Explain how the chest wall & diaphragm function to maintain ventilation.
• Develop a basic framework for how blood gases affect control of respiration (Blood gas interpretation will be the focus of future tutorials).
• Describe the effects of hyperventilation.
• Explain the mechanisms behind patients losing their drive to breathe.
• Explain the response of the cardiovascular system (heart rate, stroke volume and blood vessels) to exercise and high altitude.
• Describe how responses to exercise can be measured in the clinical physiology laboratory.
• Explain the importance of the size of the various components of the respiratory system.
• Explain the clinical features of upper airway obstruction from a biomechanical perspective.
• Explain the features of a flow-volume loop obtained during spirometry.
• Compare and contrast the capacities of oxygen and carbon dioxide to cross the alveolar capillary membrane and how that determines the arterial blood gas anomalies in an interstitial lung process.
• Compare and contrast how some disease states can lead to hypoxemia (ventilation-perfusion mismatch) while others result in hypercapnia (alveolar hypoventilation).
• Explain what is meant by reentry.
• Explain the mechanisms of increased RBC production and associated complications.
• Describe the normal hemoglobin dissociation curve and its impact on oxygen delivery.
• Describe the effect of chronic hypoxia on homeostasis.
• Review the indications for red blood cell transfusion.
• Identify strategies to effectively handle disagreements and de-escalate difficult discussions where necessary.
• Participate in informal social study groups.
• Practice de-centering themselves when in dialogue with others.
• Explain and then start to employ management and coping strategies for dealing with such challenges.
• Completed a learning strategy inventory.
• Developed SMART goals for self-regulated learning.
• Describe the anatomy of the thoracic cage (respiratory) musculature (including diaphragm).
• Describe the function of nutrients and illustrate nutrient homeostasis including regulation of absorption and metabolism.
• Categorize the mechanisms of diarrhea.
• Describe the approach to a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain.
• Explain the pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Crohn's disease.
• Predict the complications of a compromised terminal ileum.
• Subunit objective archive
• Summarize the mechanism of insulin action.
• List the macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes.
• Construct a detailed family history.
• List cardiovascular risk factors.
• Explain adrenocortical steroid hormone synthesis and regulation.
• Outline the regulation of thyroid hormone production.
• Describe the concept of resource stewardship as it applies to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis.
• Describe the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
• Identify the role of hormones, exercise and excessive energy intake in the maintenance of energy homeostasis.
• In considering the approaches to treatment, describe the role of the physician as well as key inter-disciplinary health care providers (physiotherapists, nutritionists, psychologists, nurse practitioners).
• List and explain secondary causes of osteoporosis
• Describe the function of the parathyroid gland and parafollicular/calcitonin(C)-cells.
• Explain how calcium is regulated in the extracellular fluid.
• Outline the function of the adrenal medulla.
• Examine the role of proto-oncogenes in tumorigenesis.
• List the endocrine organs involved in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2).
• Describe the effects of imbalanced nutrient intake or extreme physical activity on growth and development.
• Outline the underlying physiologic mechanisms of the physical and psychological manifestations of starvation considering the unique effects of starvation in adolescence.
• Explain the mode of action of peptide hormones and compare this type of hormone action to that of thyroid hormone and sex steroid hormones.
• Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of Crohn's Disease.
• Define short bowel syndrome.
• Describe the function of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and explain incretin physiology focusing on glucose homeostasis and gut motility.
• Characterize the effect of GLP-2 on the intestine
• Activity Objective Archive
• Discuss the relationship between psychological factors, mind/body somatic symptoms and chronic pain.
• Describe Dialectical Behavioural Therapy.
• 2nd Iteration Curr Renewal
• Procomp archived 2021
• C2024 Curriculum changes